@article {147,
	title = {Engorgement response of human body lice Pediculus humanus (Insecta, Anoplura) to blood fractions and their components},
	journal = {Physiological Entomology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {171 - 174},
	keywords = {behavior, Pediculus humanus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38212.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {152,
	title = {The aggregation response of human body louse (Pediculus humanus) (Insecta, Anoplura) to Its excretory products},
	journal = {Insect Science and Its Application},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986},
	pages = {629 - 632},
	keywords = {behavior, Pediculus humanus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38190.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Galun,Rachel and Ikan,R.}
}
@article {108,
	title = {Partial characterization and post-feeding activity of midgut aminopeptidase in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus},
	journal = {Physiological Entomology},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {382 - 387},
	abstract = {A leucine aminopeptidase was found in the midgut of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae). The enzyme is activated by the bloodmeal with a pH optimum at 8. The enzyme is soluble in both. aqueous and detergent-containing solutions. The two forms of the enzyme had the same Km but exhibited different catalytic activities with regard to Vmax values in these solutions. The enzyme is inhibited competitively by a substrate analogue 1,10- phenanthroline and by Mn2+ ions in the presence and absence of detergent.},
	keywords = {aminopeptidase, blood, body louse, digestion, Diptera, enzyme, Glossina, human, Insects, leucine, midgut, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus, protein},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38770.pdf},
	author = {Ochanda,James O. and Oduor,Eva A. C. and Galun,Rachel and Imbuga,Mabel O. and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y.}
}
@article {114,
	title = {Antihemostatic activity in salivary glands of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {1083 - 1087},
	abstract = {A thrombin inhibitor, factor Xa inhibitor and apyrase activity were demonstrated in the salivary glands of Pediculus humanus humanus, Less than 0.15 mu g of salivary gland extracts (SGE), which is equivalent to approximately 0.15 lice salivary glands, caused 50\% inhibition of thrombin activity, while 1 mu l of SGE was sufficient to double thrombin time using rat plasma, A single peak of thrombin inhibitor was eluted from the Mono Q column at a fraction corresponding to a protein with Mol, Wt. of about 7 kDa, The thrombin inhibitor was partially purified from the SGE by gel filtration chromatography and FPLC chromatography, and a single sharp peak of thrombin inhibitory activity was eluted, The results obtained from the FXa activity assay indicate the presence of a weak inhibitory activity against this coagulation factor in the salivary gland, The amount of SGE needed for FXa inhibition (IC50) was 500 times higher than that required for thrombin inhibition, Apyrase activity was also detected in the SGE using ADP as a substrate, These results indicate the presence of both anticoagulant and anti-platelet agents in the salivary gland of the human louse. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd},
	keywords = {apyrase, glands, hirudin, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus, salivary, thrombin, thrombolysis, tick},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38617.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Galun,Rachel and Kaminchik,Y. and Panet,A. and Levanon,A.}
}
@article {116,
	title = {Characterization of body louse midgut proteins recognized by resistant hosts},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {35 - 38},
	abstract = {The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS- PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kda and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F- 1, F-2, F-3, and F-4) when resolved on a 18\% SDS-PAGE. The F-1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique.},
	keywords = {adult, antigens, arthropod, body, Boophilus, cattle, control, human, immunization, immunogens, immunological, louse, midgut, pdf, Pediculus humanus, protein, ticks, vaccinated, vaccine},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38618.pdf},
	author = {Ochanda,James O. and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Ben-Yakir,David and Okuru,J. K. and Oduol,V. O. and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {117,
	title = {Immunogenic proteins in the body and faecal material of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, and their homology to antigens of other lice species},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {105 - 107},
	keywords = {blot, body louse, capitis, cattle, goat, Haematopinus, head, human, immunization, immunoaffinity, Linognathus, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus, stenopsis, Western},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38615.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Ben-Yakir,David and Gunzberg,S. and Ochanda,James O. and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {119,
	title = {Localization of immunogenic antigens on midgut of the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {74 - 77},
	abstract = {Immunogenic midgut antigens of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L., were localized using rabbit antisera against a louse-midgut extract followed by a end antibody conjugated to either fluorescein or colloidal gold. Strong fluorescence was observed on the outer membrane of the epithelial cell of the midgut. The immunogold technique revealed that most of the antigens were localized on the microvilli of the midgut cells. Small numbers of gold particles were also seen in the gut lumen and within the cell cytoplasm. Only a few gold particles were seen in the lumen of the gut sections incubated with control sera.},
	keywords = {antigen, arthropod, Boophilus, immunization, immunofluorescence, labeling, localization, pdf, Pediculus humanus, ticks},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38616.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Rahamim,Ezra and Ben-Yakir,David and Ochanda,James O. and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {121,
	title = {Repellency of essential oils and their components to the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata},
	volume = {78},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {309 - 314},
	abstract = {Five essential oils and nine of their components were compared to diethyl toluamide (DEET) for their repellent activity against the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. The absolute or intrinsic repellency of the compounds was tested by applying the repellent to corduroy patches and comparing them with untreated patches. It was found that the most effective repellents were DEET and citronella, whose activity lasted at least 29 days. The activity of rosemary lasted at least 18 days and that of eucalyptus more than 8 days. The repellent activity of the oil components such as citronellal and geraniol lasted more than 15 and 8 days, respectively. DEET remained effective at a dilution of 1:32, geraniol at 1:8, citronella at 1:4 and rosemary and citronellal at 1:1. The comparative or standard repellency of the candidate repellents was examined with the aid of a new screening technique using hairs treated with ammonium bicarbonate which is attractive to lice. Using this technique it could be shown that the repellent activity of citronella and geraniol lasted 2 days and that of rosemary and citronellal for only one day. DEET was active for less than one day. Serial dilutions of these substances also revealed that citronella was the most potent repellent for lice, followed by citronellal, rosemary, geraniol and DEET. The differences however, were not significant.},
	keywords = {Anoplura, body louse, human, oils, pdf, Pediculidae, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus, repellent},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38614.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Galun,Rachel and Bach,Uri and Miller,Jacqueline and Magdassi,Shlomo}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {427 - 432},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.},
	keywords = {body, capitis, children, control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38552.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {126,
	title = {Immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract of the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus - the effect of induced resistance on the louse population},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {114 - 118},
	abstract = {Resistance to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L, induced by feeding on rabbits immunized with an extract of louse gut was studied. The mortality of lice fed on immunized rabbits was 73\%, significantly higher than that of lice fed on control rabbits (52\%) (P < 0.01). The proportion of dead nymphs and female lice with ruptured guts was significantly higher in lice fed on immunized rabbits (P < 0.01). The size of the bloodmeal was 35\% greater in female lice fed on control rabbits than on immunized rabbits. Lice fed on immunized rabbits laid 40\% less eggs than those fed on the controls, they also demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of eggs per female over time (P < 0.01). 86\% of the eggs laid by lice fed on immunized animals hatched, compared with 92\% hatching of eggs laid by the lice fed on control animals (P < 0.01). With the exception of the first bloodmeal the percentage of hatched eggs which were laid between any two bloodmeals was significantly smaller (P < 0.01) in the lice fed on immunized rabbits than in the control group. The first nymphal stage of lice fed on immunized rabbits took an average of 5.2 days to moult to the second stage, compared with 4 days for those fed on control rabbits.},
	keywords = {Anoplura, antigens, Boophilus, cattle, Hoplopleuridae, immunization, infestation, microplus, midgut, pdf, Pediculus humanus humanus, Phthiraptera, polyplax serrata, resistance, ticks, vaccination},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38454.pdf},
	author = {Ben-Yakir,David and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Manor,Orly and Ochanda,James O. and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {132,
	title = {Infectivity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes for the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {489 - 493},
	abstract = {The susceptibility of the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus ro the entomopathogenic rhabditids is described. Exposure of female lice to infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Pye{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} strain and S. glaseri in a Petri-dish assay resulted in high mortality levels (> 85 \%) within 24 h. Among female lice exposed to as of the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}HP88{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 45 \% mortality was recorded after 42 h exposure. Lice exposure to the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Mexican{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} strain of S. carpocapsae for 42 h resulted in 65 \% mortality. The mortality of the louse females was directly related to increased dosage of S. glaseri IJs. Complete lice mortality was achieved with this nematode at 400 IJs/dish. Exposure of the lice to 800 IJs of H. bacteriophora HP88/dish resulted in 27.5 \% mortality. The highest number of nematodes was recovered from dead lice infected with S. glaseri (7.7 nematodes/louse). Abnormal development was observed among females of S. glaseri. which were shrunken, whereas males developed normally. The lowest number (0.2 nematodes/louse) was recorded in the lice infected with the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}HP88{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} strain of H. bacteriophora.},
	keywords = {heterhabditidae, Nematoda, pdf, Pediculus humanus humanus, steinernematidae},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38450.pdf},
	author = {Weiss,Margalit and Glazer,Itamar and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Elking,Yonatan and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {134,
	title = {The prevalence of ectoparasites in Ethiopian immigrants},
	journal = {Israel Journal of Medical Sciences},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {371 - 373},
	abstract = {Newly arrived Ethiopian immigrants in Israel were screened for ectoparasitic insects and mites. Of 304 individuals examined 65.1\% were infested with the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis). The infestation rate among children varied between 65 and 100\%. Children aged 6-11 years were the most infested group and no differences between girls and boys were found. The infestation rate in children was significantly higher than that found in adults. Approximately 39\% of those examined were infested with the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus). The rate of infestation with this parasite was higher in adults than in children and higher in females than males. Ten percent of the immigrants examined were infested with the scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) and 4.3\% with the human flea (Pulex irritans).},
	keywords = {Ethiopia, humanus humanus, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pulex irritans, Sarcoptes scabiei, scabies},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline and Manor,Orly and Benyshai,F. and Klaus,Sidney}
}
@article {138,
	title = {The efficacy of pediculicides in Israel},
	journal = {Israel Journal of Medical Sciences},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {562 - 565},
	abstract = {Fourteen pediculicides currently available in Israel were evaluated for their killing effect on the eggs, nymphs and adults from a laboratory-grown colony of body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus). The efficacy of all pediculicides was determined after a single treatment. The exposure time of the lice to the preparations was according to the manufacturers{\textquoteright} instructions. The shampoo formulations HAFIF(R) (Abic, Israel), PYRACIDE(R) (Fischer, Israel), A-200 PYRINATE(R) (Norcliff Thayer, USA) and T-PAL(R) (Fischer, Israel) killed 27-78\% of the lice and 7-26\% of the eggs. PRIODERM(R) (Rafa, Israel) shampoo caused 100\% mortality of lice and 13\% mortality of eggs. The gel formulation (A-200 Pyrinate) resulted in 100\% mortality of lice and 42\% mortality of eggs. The liquid formulation (PYRINYL(R), Barre, USA) gave poor results with only 65\% killing of lice and 26\% of the eggs. The spray formulations (KIN-X(R) and KIN-SOFF(R), Milchan, France; and RICIDE(R), Fischer) killed all the lice and 77-95\% of the eggs. Lotion and solution formulations (Hafif; MONOCIDE(R), Fischer; and NOURYL(R), Chefaro, Holland) caused 100\% mortality of lice and 36-85\% mortality of eggs. Mortality with control solutions varied between 4 and 16\% for both lice and eggs.},
	keywords = {body, lice, Pediculus humanus humanus},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline}
}
@article {140,
	title = {Epidemiologic studies on head lice infestation in Israel .1. parasitological examination of children},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {502 - 506},
	keywords = {children, epidemiology, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus capitis, school},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38304.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline and Gofin,Rosa and Adler,Bella and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Almog,Ruth and Kafka,Dorothy and Klaus,Sidney}
}
@article {142,
	title = {Susceptibility of the human head and body louse, Pediculus humanus (Anoplura, Pediculidae) to insecticides},
	journal = {Insect Science and Its Application},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {223 - 226},
	abstract = {The susceptibility of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis collected from children in Isreal and that of a laboratory colony of body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus to the insecticides malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, fenitrothion and dieldrin has been evaluated using standard WHO papers. The LT50 and LT95 were established using different exposure times. Deltamethrin had the highest "knock-down" effect, followed by permethrin and malathion. All insecticides except dieldrin gave higher mortality for body lice than for head lice. No differences in the susceptibility between adult and nymph lice could be observed.},
	keywords = {base line, human, insecticide, lice, pdf, Pediculus humanus, susceptibility},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38303.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {143,
	title = {Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura, Pediculidae) from hair combs excavated in Israel and Dated from the 1st- century BC to the 8th-century AD},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988},
	pages = {545 - 547},
	keywords = {archaeology, history, Pediculus humanus capitis},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38241.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Zias,Joseph E.}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Partial purification of the aminopeptidase from the midgut of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus},
	journal = {Physiological Entomology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2000},
	note = {359BT PHYSIOL ENTOMOL},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {242 - 246},
	keywords = {pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus humanus, physiology},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/37977.pdf},
	author = {Ochanda,James O. and Oduor,Eva A. C. and Galun,Rachel and Imbuga,Mabel O. and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y.}
}
@article {44,
	title = {Use of temperature and water immersion to control the human body louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {723 - 725},
	abstract = {Physical methods such as high and low temperatures were used in the past for the control of human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae). In the current study, the minimum time necessary to kill all lice after exposing them to temperatures other than those described in the literature, the mortality of lice after immersing them in water, and the survival of lice whose legs were amputated were studied. All lice died after 6 d at 6},
	keywords = {alternative, capitis, control, humanus, Pediculus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46299.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Friger,M. and Cohen,R.}
}
@article {55,
	title = {Body louse remains found in textiles excavated at Masada, Israel},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {585 - 587},
	abstract = {A leg of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), was found in a storeroom at Masada build during the reign of King Herod the Great. The unearthed culture material clearly indicates that the room was occupied by the rebels during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans (AD 66-73/4). The context of the textiles associated with the louse and their nature suggest a rebel origin. An exuvium of a leg of the third nymphal stage of body louse was found. The first three parts of the leg (tarsus, including the tarsal claw, tibia and femur) were preserved entirely, while the fourth segment of the leg, the trochanter, was only partially conserved. The comparison of the tarsus of this specimen with the legs of present day third instar nymphs of body and head lice revealed that the leg found within the archaeological debris belongs to a body louse.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/43792.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Zias,Joseph E. and Tarshis,M. and Lavi,M. and Stiebel,G. D.}
}
