@article {86,
	title = {A preliminary pilot survey on head lice, pediculosis in Sharkia Governorate and treatment of lice with natural plant extracts},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8102141; 0 (Plant Extracts); ppublish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {725 - 736},
	address = {Egypt},
	abstract = {Twelve different representative areas in Sharkia Governorate were surveyed for head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. The pre-valence was investigated among 120 houses containing 2,448 individual, with different age, sex and socioeconomic status. Examination was done by naked eye aided with hand-lens. A total of 137 individuals were infested. Infestation rates were higher in the rural areas with low socioeconomic levels, concrete houses with over-crowded family members. Children had significantly higher infestation rates than adults. Males had lower infestation rates than females. However, the hair length and permanent hair washing were the factors accounted for both age and sex difference in prevalence of pediculosis. Head lice infestations were found all over the year, but increased in summer and spring. One hundred infested patients (90 females and 10 males) with different aged and hair length were treated with tour mixed cream from plants Lawsonia alba L. (Henna). Trigonella faemum-gracanum (Fenugreek), Hibiscus cannabinus (Hibiscus) and Artemisia cina (Wormseed). The head lice completely disappeared within a week among those patients treated by henna mixed with aqueous extract of sheah (100\%) or mixed with helba (75\%) or with karkada (50\%).},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, Hibiscus/chemistry, humans, Infant, Lawsonia Plant/chemistry, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts, prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Trigonella/chemistry},
	isbn = {0253-5890},
	author = {El-Basheir,Z. M. and Fouad,M. A.}
}
@article {61,
	title = {Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Pediatric Nursing},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8607529; 0 (Plant Oils); 64-19-7 (Acetic Acid); 67-63-0 (2-Propanol); 7732-18-5 (Water); 8001-25-0 (olive oil); 8009-03-8 (Petrolatum); 8029-34-3 (Butter); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {393 - 398},
	abstract = {As the frequency and level of pediculicide resistance increases throughout the world, the need for novel solutions to control pediculosis has intensified. The development and registration of new pesticides has become so costly that many chemical companies are unwilling to pursue it and health-care providers now face a serious lack of new commercial pediculicides. Many infested people resort to using "home-remedy" approaches that have not been scientifically tested. In this article, we examined the potential value of six purportedly effective "home remedies" (vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, melted butter, and petroleum jelly) to treat head louse infestations and the likelihood of drowning lice by water submersion. Results indicated that only the application of petroleum jelly caused significant louse mortality but no treatment prevented lice from laying eggs. Most home remedy products did little to kill eggs, despite prolonged exposure. Petroleum jelly caused the greatest egg mortality, allowing only 6\% to hatch. It was extremely difficult to drown lice, despite extended periods (i.e., 8 hr) of water submersion, suggesting that killing lice by depriving them of oxygen is inefficient. None of the home remedy products we surveyed was an effective means of louse control. This suggests that when treatment failure occurs, an increased amount of time and effort should be focused on alternative chemical pediculicides and/or manual louse removal (i.e., combing) rather than using any of these products.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, animals, Butter, egg, humans, lice, Ovum, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Plant Extracts, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Self Care},
	isbn = {0882-5963},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {699 - 704},
	abstract = {The insecticidal activity of 54 plant essential oils against female Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods, and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. humanus capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced in eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils than in delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.0625 mg/cm2. At 0.125 mg/cm2, pediculicidal activity of cade, cardamone ceylon, clove bud, myrtle, rosewood, and sage oils was comparable with that of the test insecticides. In fumigation tests with female P. humanus capitis at 0.25 mg/cm2, eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential control agents for P. humanus capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Fumigation/methods, insecticide, Oils, Volatile/toxicity, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Species Specificity},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44706.pdf},
	author = {Yang,Young-Cheol and Lee,Hoi-Seon and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Young-Joon}
}
@article {64,
	title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0374755; 0 (Plant Oils); 0 (Terpenes); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {2507 - 2511},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The toxic effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil-derived monoterpenoids [1,8-cineole, l-phellandrene, (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol] and the known Eucalyptusleaf oil terpenoids (beta-eudesmol and geranyl acetate) on eggs and females of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, were examined using direct contact and fumigation bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. h. capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with Eucalyptus leaf oil than with either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum on the basis of LT(50) values (0.125 vs 0.25 mg/cm(2)). 1,8-Cineole was 2.2- and 2.3-fold more toxic than either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum, respectively. The pediculicidal activities of (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and (E)-pinocarveol were comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. l-Phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol were relatively less active than delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. beta-Eudesmol and geranyl acetate were ineffective. 1-alpha-Terpineol and (E)-pinocaveol were highly effective at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, against P. h. capitis eggs. At 1.0 mg/cm(2), (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene exhibited moderate ovicidal activity, whereas little or no ovicidal activity was observed with the other terpenoids and with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. h. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole, (-)-alpha-pinene, (E)-pinocarveol, and 1-alpha-terpineol were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the monoterpenoids was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Eucalyptus leaf oil, particularly 1,8-cineole, 1-alpha-terpineol, and (E)-pinocaveol, merits further study as potential pediculicides or lead compounds for the control of P. h. capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Oocytes/drug effects, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Terpenes/pharmacology},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	author = {Yang,Y. C. and Choi,H. Y. and Choi,W. S. and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Y. J.}
}
